Cigarette smoke exposure and alveolar macrophages: mechanisms for lung disease Thorax New medical research is raising concerns about possible links between vaping and bronchiolitis obliterans also known as popcorn lung, a rare and irreversible lung disease. Health experts say more long term Even Nicotine Free Vapes Can Damage Lung Tissue: One Protein Plays a Key Role : ScienceAlert Electronic cigarettes: Modern instruments for toxic lung delivery and posing risk for the development of chronic disease ScienceDirect